Are you looking for the full text of California's main code chapter defining and governing mediation - with the official Legislative Intent language? Then please scroll down.
If you're looking for information on the Uniform Mediation Act, then please click here.
Summary: As of January 1, 1998, mediation law across seven different California codes was repealed, amended and unified into a new Evidence Code chapter. It governs mediation in the fields of civil actions, insurance, the environment, family, labor-management, community, agency actions, etc.
The chapter defines mediation and who can conduct it, provides requirements for enforceable settlements, and prohibits mediator reporting and coercion. It expressly extends confidentiality and other protections into later arbitrations, court actions and administrative hearings.
Ron Kelly initiated and guided the formation of the new chapter. Following below is the full text of the legislation creating it (AB 939 - Ortiz - 1997), along with the comments of the California Law Revision Commission which sponsored the bill. The Commission's comments are generally deemed to be conclusive evidence of the Legislature's intent. Subsequent amendments to the chapter enacted in 2017 and 2018 are included below.
See also Evidence Code section 703.5 below. Ron also initiated the legislation extending 703.5 to cover mediators. The intent was to ensure neutrality and prevent mediator coercion by making a mediator incompetent to testify for or against any party later. This same statute applies to judges. Please see also the Legislative Intent language below regarding section 1121 barring mediator reporting.
For your ease of use, the legislation is indexed by section. To go to a specific section, please click on the section number below.
New Mediation Chapter - Evidence Code §§1115-1128 (added). Mediation
§ 1118. Recorded oral agreement
§ 1119. Mediation confidentiality
§ 1120. Types of evidence not covered
§ 1121. Mediator reports and communications
§ 1122. Disclosure by agreement
§ 1123. Written settlement agreements reached through mediation
§ 1124. Oral agreements reached through mediation
§ 1126. Effect of end of mediation
Conforming Revisions and Repeals
Business & Professions Code § 467.5 (amended). Communications during funded proceedings
Evidence Code § 1152.5 (repealed). Mediation confidentiality
Evidence Code § 1152.6 (repealed). Mediator declarations or findings
Government Code § 66032 (amended). Procedures applicable to land use mediations
Government Code § 66033 (amended). Land use mediator's report
Insurance Code § 10089.82 (amended). Non-compulsory participation in mediation
Labor Code § 65 (amended). Powers and duties of department
Welfare & Institutions Code § 350 (amended). Conduct of proceedings
Evid. Code §§1115-1128 (added). Mediation
SEC. 3. Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1115) is added to Division 9 of the Evidence Code, to read:
Chapter 2. Mediation
1115. For purposes of this chapter:
(a) "Mediation" means a process in which a neutral person or persons facilitate communication between the disputants to assist them in reaching a mutually acceptable agreement.
(b) "Mediator" means a neutral person who conducts a mediation. "Mediator" includes any person designated by a mediator either to assist in the mediation or to communicate with the participants in preparation for a mediation.
(c) "Mediation consultation" means a communication between a person and a mediator for the purpose of initiating, considering, or reconvening a mediation or retaining the mediator.
Comment. Subdivision (a) of Section 1115 is drawn from Code of Civil Procedure Section 1775.1. To accommodate a wide range of mediation styles, the definition is broad, without specific limitations on format. For example, it would include a mediation conducted as a number of sessions, only some of which involve the mediator. The definition focuses on the nature of a proceeding, not its label. A proceeding may be a "mediation" for purposes of this chapter, even though it is denominated differently.
Under subdivision (b), a mediator must be neutral. The neutrality requirement is drawn from Code of Civil Procedure Section 1775.1. An attorney or other representative of a party is not neutral and so does not qualify as a "mediator" for purposes of this chapter.
A "mediator" may be an individual, group of individuals, or entity. See Section 175 ("person" defined). See also Section 10 (singular includes the plural). This definition of mediator encompasses not only the neutral person who takes the lead in conducting a mediation, but also any neutral who assists in the mediation, such as a case-developer, interpreter, or secretary. The definition focuses on a person's role, not the person's title. A person may be a "mediator" under this chapter even though the person has a different title, such as "ombudsperson." Any person who meets the definition of "mediator" must comply with Section 1121 (mediator reports and communications), which generally prohibits a mediator from reporting to a court or other tribunal concerning the mediated dispute.
Subdivision (c) is drawn from former Section 1152.5, which was amended in 1996 to explicitly protect mediation intake communications. See 1996 Cal. Stat. ch. 174, § 1. Subdivision (c) is not limited to communications to retain a mediator. It also encompasses contacts concerning whether to mediate, such as where a mediator contacts a disputant because another disputant desires to mediate, and contacts concerning initiation or recommencement of mediation, such as where a case-developer meets with a disputant before mediation.
For the scope of this chapter, see Section 1117.
1116. (a) Nothing in this chapter expands or limits a court's authority to order participation in a dispute resolution proceeding. Nothing in this chapter authorizes or affects the enforceability of a contract clause in which parties agree to the use of mediation.
(b) Nothing in this chapter makes admissible evidence that is inadmissible under Section 1152 or any other statute.
Comment. Subdivision (a) of Section 1116 establishes guiding principles for applying this chapter.
Subdivision (b) continues the first sentence of former Section 1152.5(c) without substantive change.
1117. (a) Except as provided in subdivision (b), this chapter applies to a mediation as defined in Section 1115.
(b) This chapter does not apply to either of the following:
(1) A proceeding under Part 1 (commencing with Section 1800) of Division 5 of the Family Code or Chapter 11 (commencing with Section 3160) of Part 2 of Division 8 of the Family Code.
(2) A settlement conference pursuant to Rule 222 of the California Rules of Court.
Comment. Under subdivision (a) of Section 1117, mediation confidentiality and the other safeguards of this chapter apply to a broad range of mediations. See Section 1115 Comment.
Subdivision (b) sets forth two exceptions. Section 1117(b)(1) continues without substantive change former Section 1152.5(b). Special confidentiality rules apply to a proceeding in family conciliation court or a mediation of child custody or visitation issues. See Section 1040; Fam. Code §§ 1818, 3177.
Section 1117(b)(2) establishes that a court settlement conference is not a mediation within the scope of this chapter. A settlement conference is conducted under the aura of the court and is subject to special rules.
§ 1118. Recorded oral agreement
1118. An oral agreement "in accordance with Section 1118" means an oral agreement that satisfies all of the following conditions:
(a) The oral agreement is recorded by a court reporter or reliable means of sound recording.
(b) The terms of the oral agreement are recited on the record in the presence of the parties and the mediator, and the parties express on the record that they agree to the terms recited.
(c) The parties to the oral agreement expressly state on the record that the agreement is enforceable or binding or words to that effect.
(d) The recording is reduced to writing and the writing is signed by the parties within 72 hours after it is recorded.
Comment. Section 1118 establishes a procedure for orally memorializing an agreement, in the interest of efficiency. Provisions permitting use of that procedure for certain purposes include Sections 1121 (mediator reports and communications), 1122 (disclosure by agreement), 1123 (written settlement agreements reached through mediation), and 1124 (oral agreements reached through mediation). See also Section 1125 (when mediation ends). For guidance on authority to bind a litigant, see Williams v. Saunders, 55 Cal. App. 4th 1158, 64 Cal. Rptr. 2d 571 (1997) ("The litigants' direct participation tends to ensure that the settlement is the result of their mature reflection and deliberate assent.")
§ 1119. Mediation confidentiality
1119. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter:
(a) No evidence of anything said or any admission made for the purpose of, in the course of, or pursuant to, a mediation or a mediation consultation is admissible or subject to discovery, and disclosure of the evidence shall not be compelled, in any arbitration, administrative adjudication, civil action, or other noncriminal proceeding in which, pursuant to law, testimony can be compelled to be given.
(b) No writing, as defined in Section 250, that is prepared for the purpose of, in the course of, or pursuant to, a mediation or a mediation consultation, is admissible or subject to discovery, and disclosure of the writing shall not be compelled, in any arbitration, administrative adjudication, civil action, or other noncriminal proceeding in which, pursuant to law, testimony can be compelled to be given.
(c) All communications, negotiations, or settlement discussions by and between participants in the course of a mediation or a mediation consultation shall remain confidential.
Comment. Subdivision (a) of Section 1119 continues without substantive change former Section 1152.5(a)(1), except that its protection explicitly applies in a subsequent arbitration or administrative adjudication, as well as in any civil action or proceeding. See Section 120 ("civil action" includes civil proceedings). In addition, the protection of Section 1119(a) extends to oral communications made for the purpose of or pursuant to a mediation, not just oral communications made in the course of the mediation.
Subdivision (b) continues without substantive change former Section 1152.5(a)(2), except that its protection explicitly applies in a subsequent arbitration or administrative adjudication, as well as in any civil action or proceeding. See Section 120 ("civil action" includes civil proceedings). In addition, subdivision (b) expressly encompasses any type of "writing" as defined in Section 250, regardless of whether the representations are on paper or on some other medium.
Subdivision (c) continues former Section 1152.5(a)(3) without substantive change. A mediation is confidential notwithstanding the presence of an observer, such as a person evaluating or training the mediator or studying the mediation process.
See Sections 1115(a) ("mediation" defined), 1115(c) ("mediation consultation" defined). See also Section 703.5 (testimony by a judge, arbitrator, or mediator).
For examples of specialized mediation confidentiality provisions, see Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 467.4-467.5 (community dispute resolution programs), 6200 (attorney-client fee disputes); Code Civ. Proc. §§ 1297.371 (international commercial disputes), 1775.10 (civil action mediation in participating courts); Fam. Code §§ 1818 (family conciliation court), 3177 (child custody); Food & Agric. Code § 54453 (agricultural cooperative bargaining associations); Gov't Code §§ 11420.20-11420.30 (administrative adjudication), 12984-12985 (housing discrimination), 66032-66033 (land use); Ins. Code § 10089.80 (earthquake insurance); Lab. Code § 65 (labor disputes); Welf. & Inst. Code § 350 (dependency mediation). See also Cal. Const. art. I, § 1 (right to privacy); Garstang v. Superior Court, 39 Cal. App. 4th 526, 46 Cal. Rptr. 2d 84, 88 (1995) (constitutional right of privacy protected communications made during mediation sessions before an ombudsperson).
§ 1120. Types of evidence not covered
1120. (a) Evidence otherwise admissible or subject to discovery outside of a mediation or a mediation consultation shall not be or become inadmissible or protected from disclosure solely by reason of its introduction or use in a mediation or a mediation consultation.
(b) This chapter does not limit any of the following:
(1) The admissibility of an agreement to mediate a dispute.
(2) The effect of an agreement not to take a default or an agreement to extend the time within which to act or refrain from acting in a pending civil action.
(3) Disclosure of the mere fact that a mediator has served, is serving, will serve, or was contacted about serving as a mediator in a dispute.
(4) The admissiblity of declarations of disclosure required by Sections 2104 and 2105 of the Family Code, even if prepared for the purpose of, in the course of, or pursuant to, a mediation or a mediation consultation. [subdivision (4) was added in 2017 by SB 217 with the statement that "It is the intent of the Legislature that this [subsection 4] codify the holding of Lappe v. Superior Court (2014) 232 Cal.App.4th 774."]
Comment. Subdivision (a) of Section 1120 continues former Section 1152.5(a)(6) without change. It limits the scope of Section 1119 (mediation confidentiality), preventing parties from using a mediation as a pretext to shield materials from disclosure.
Subdivision (b)(1) makes explicit that Section 1119 does not restrict admissibility of an agreement to mediate. Subdivision (b)(2) continues former Section 1152.5(e) without substantive change, but also includes an express exception for extensions of litigation deadlines. Subdivision (b)(3) makes clear that Section 1119 does not preclude a disputant from obtaining basic information about a mediator's track record, which may be significant in selecting an impartial mediator. Similarly, mediation participants may express their views on a mediator's performance, so long as they do not disclose anything said or done at the mediation.
See Sections 1115(a) ("mediation" defined), 1115(b) ("mediator" defined), 1115(c) ("mediation consultation" defined).
§ 1121. Mediator reports and communications
1121. Neither a mediator nor anyone else may submit to a court or other adjudicative body, and a court or other adjudicative body may not consider, any report, assessment, evaluation, recommendation, or finding of any kind by the mediator concerning a mediation conducted by the mediator, other than a report that is mandated by court rule or other law and that states only whether an agreement was reached, unless all parties to the mediation expressly agree otherwise in writing, or orally in accordance with Section 1118.
Comment. Section 1121 continues the first sentence of former Section 1152.6 without substantive change, except to make clear that (1) the section applies to all submissions, not just filings, (2) the section is not limited to court proceedings but rather applies to all types of adjudications, including arbitrations and administrative adjudications, (3) the section applies to any report or statement of opinion, however denominated, and (4) neither a mediator nor anyone else may submit the prohibited information. The section does not prohibit a mediator from providing a mediation participant with feedback on the dispute in the course of the mediation.
Rather, the focus is on preventing coercion. As Section 1121 recognizes, a mediator should not be able to influence the result of a mediation or adjudication by reporting or threatening to report to the decision-maker on the merits of the dispute or reasons why mediation failed to resolve it. Similarly, a mediator should not have authority to resolve or decide the mediated dispute, and should not have any function for the adjudicating tribunal with regard to the dispute, except as a non-decisionmaking neutral. See Section 1117 (scope of chapter), which excludes settlement conferences from this chapter.
The exception to Section 1121 (permitting submission and consideration of a mediator's report where "all parties to the mediation expressly agree" in writing) is modified to allow use of the oral procedure in Section 1118 (recorded oral agreement) and to permit making of the agreement at any time, not just before the mediation. A mediator's report to a court may disclose mediation communications only if all parties to the mediation agree to the reporting and all persons who participate in the mediation agree to the disclosure. See Section 1122 (disclosure by agreement).
The second sentence of former Section 1152.6 is continued without substantive change in Section 1117 (scope of chapter), except that Section 1117 excludes proceedings under Part 1 (commencing with Section 1800) of Division 5 of the Family Code, as well as proceedings under Chapter 11 (commencing with Section 3160) of Part 2 of Division 8 of the Family Code.
See Sections 1115(a) ("mediation" defined), 1115(b) ("mediator" defined). See also Sections 703.5 (testimony by a judge, arbitrator, or mediator), 1127 (attorney's fees), 1128 (irregularity in proceedings).
§ 1122. Disclosure by agreement
1122. (a) A communication or a writing, as defined in Section 250, that is made or prepared for the purpose of, or in the course of, or pursuant to, a mediation or a mediation consultation, is not made inadmissible, or protected from disclosure, by provisions of this chapter if any of the following conditions is satisfied:
(1) All persons who conduct or otherwise participate in the mediation expressly agree in writing, or orally in accordance with Section 1118, to disclosure of the communication, document, or writing.
(2) The communication, document, or writing was prepared by or on behalf of fewer than all the mediation participants, those participants expressly agree in writing, or orally in accordance with Section 1118, to its disclosure, and the communication, document, or writing does not disclose anything said or done or any admission made in the course of the mediation.
(3) The communication, document, or writing is related to an attorney’s compliance with the requirements described in Section 1129 and does not disclose anything said or done or any admission made in the course of the mediation, in which case the communication, document, or writing may be used in an attorney disciplinary proceeding to determine whether the attorney has complied with Section 1129. [Subdivision (3) added in 2018 by SB 954]
(b) For purposes of subdivision (a), if the neutral person who conducts a mediation expressly agrees to disclosure, that agreement also binds any other person described in subdivision (b) of Section 1115.
Comment. Section 1122 supersedes former Section 1152.5(a)(4) and part of former Section 1152.5(a)(2), which were unclear regarding precisely whose agreement was required for admissibility or disclosure of mediation communications and documents.
Subdivision (a)(1) states the general rule that mediation documents and communications may be admitted or disclosed only upon agreement of all participants, including not only parties but also the mediator and other nonparties attending the mediation (e.g., a disputant not involved in litigation, a spouse, an accountant, an insurance representative, or an employee of a corporate affiliate). Agreement must be express, not implied. For example, parties cannot be deemed to have agreed in advance to disclosure merely because they agreed to participate in a particular dispute resolution program.
Subdivision (a)(2) facilitates admissibility and disclosure of unilaterally prepared materials, but it only applies so long as those materials may be produced in a manner revealing nothing about the mediation discussion. Materials that necessarily disclose mediation communications may be admitted or disclosed only upon satisfying the general rule of subdivision (a)(1).
Mediation materials that satisfy the requirements of subdivisions (a)(1) or (a)(2) are not necessarily admissible or subject to disclosure. Although the provisions on mediation confidentiality do not bar admissibility or disclosure, there may be other bases for exclusion.
Subdivision (b) makes clear that if the person who takes the lead in conducting a mediation agrees to disclosure, it is unnecessary to seek out and obtain assent from each assistant to that person, such as a case developer, interpreter, or secretary.
For exceptions to Section 1122, see Sections 1123 (written settlement agreements reached through mediation) and 1124 (oral agreements reached through mediation) & Comments.
See Section 1115(a) ("mediation" defined), 1115(c) ("mediation consultation" defined). See also Sections 703.5 (testimony by a judge, arbitrator, or mediator), 1119 (mediation confidentiality), 1121 (mediator reports and communications).
§ 1123. Written settlement agreements reached through mediation
1123. A written settlement agreement prepared in the course of, or pursuant to, a mediation, is not made inadmissible, or protected from disclosure, by provisions of this chapter if the agreement is signed by the settling parties and any of the following conditions are satisfied:
(a) The agreement provides that it is admissible or subject to disclosure, or words to that effect.
(b) The agreement provides that it is enforceable or binding or words to that effect.
(c) All parties to the agreement expressly agree in writing, or orally in accordance with Section 1118, to its disclosure.
(d) The agreement is used to show fraud, duress, or illegality that is relevant to an issue in dispute.
Comment. Section 1123 consolidates and clarifies provisions governing written settlements reached through mediation. For guidance on binding a disputant to a written settlement agreement, see Williams v. Saunders, 55 Cal. App. 4th 1158, 64 Cal. Rptr. 2d 571 (1997) ("The litigants' direct participation tends to ensure that the settlement is the result of their mature reflection and deliberate assent.").
As to an executed written settlement agreement, subdivision (a) continues part of former Section 1152.5(a)(2). See also Ryan v. Garcia, 27 Cal. App. 4th 1006, 1012, 33 Cal. Rptr. 2d 158, 162 (1994) (Section 1152.5 "provides a simple means by which settlement agreements executed during mediation can be made admissible in later proceedings," i.e., the "parties may consent, as part of a writing, to subsequent admissibility of the agreement").
Subdivision (b) is new. It is added due to the likelihood that parties intending to be bound will use words to that effect, rather than saying their agreement is intended to be admissible or subject to disclosure.
As to fully executed written settlement agreements, subdivision (c) supersedes former Section 1152.5(a)(4). To facilitate enforceability of such agreements, disclosure pursuant to subdivision (c) requires only agreement of the parties. Agreement of the mediator and other mediation participants is not necessary. Subdivision (c) is thus an exception to the general rule governing disclosure of mediation communications by agreement. See Section 1122.
Subdivision (d) continues former Section 1152.5(a)(5) without substantive change.
A written settlement agreement that satisfies the requirements of subdivision (a), (b), (c), or (d) is not necessarily admissible or subject to disclosure. Although the provisions on mediation confidentiality do not bar admissibility or disclosure, there may be other bases for exclusion.
See Section 1115(a) ("mediation" defined).
§ 1124. Oral agreements reached through mediation
1124. An oral agreement made in the course of, or pursuant to, a mediation is not made inadmissible, or protected from disclosure, by the provisions of this chapter if any of the following conditions are satisfied:
(a) The agreement is in accordance with Section 1118.
(b) The agreement is in accordance with subdivisions (a), (b), and (d) of Section 1118, and all parties to the agreement expressly agree, in writing or orally in accordance with Section 1118, to disclosure of the agreement.
(c) The agreement is in accordance with subdivisions (a), (b), and (d) of Section 1118, and the agreement is used to show fraud, duress, or illegality that is relevant to an issue in dispute.
Comment. Section 1124 sets forth specific circumstances under which mediation confidentiality is inapplicable to an oral agreement reached through mediation. Except in those circumstances, Sections 1119 (mediation confidentiality) and 1124 codify the rule of Ryan v. Garcia, 27 Cal. App. 4th 1006, 33 Cal. Rptr. 2d 158 (1994) (mediation confidentiality applies to oral statement of settlement terms), and reject the contrary approach of Regents of University of California v. Sumner, 42 Cal. App. 4th 1209, 50 Cal. Rptr. 2d 200 (1996) (mediation confidentiality does not protect oral statement of settlement terms).
Subdivision (a) of Section 1124 facilitates enforcement of an oral agreement that is recorded and memorialized in writing in accordance with Section 1118. For guidance in applying subdivision (a), see Section 1125 (when mediation ends) & Comment.
Subdivision (b) parallels Section 1123(c).
Subdivision (c) parallels Section 1123(d).
An oral agreement that satisfies the requirements of subdivision (a), (b), or (c) is not necessarily admissible or subject to disclosure. Although the provisions on mediation confidentiality do not bar admissibility or disclosure, there may be other bases for exclusion. For guidance on binding a disputant to a settlement agreement, see Williams v. Saunders, 55 Cal. App. 4th 1158, 64 Cal. Rptr. 2d 571 (1997) ("The litigants' direct participation tends to ensure that the settlement is the result of their mature reflection and deliberate assent.").
See Section 1115(a) ("mediation" defined).
1125. (a) For purposes of confidentiality under this chapter, a mediation ends when any one of the following conditions is satisfied:
(1) The parties execute a written settlement agreement that fully resolves the dispute.
(2) An oral agreement that fully resolves the dispute is reached in accordance with Section 1118.
(3) The mediator provides the mediation participants with a writing signed by the mediator that states that the mediation is terminated, or words to that effect, which shall be consistent with Section 1121.
(4) A party provides the mediator and the other mediation participants with a writing stating that the mediation is terminated, or words to that effect, which shall be consistent with Section 1121. In a mediation involving more than two parties, the mediation may continue as to the remaining parties or be terminated in accordance with this section.
(5) For 10 calendar days, there is no communication between the mediator and any of the parties to the mediation relating to the dispute. The mediator and the parties may shorten or extend this time by agreement.
(b) For purposes of confidentiality under this chapter, if a mediation partially resolves a dispute, mediation ends when either of the following conditions is satisfied:
(1) The parties execute a written settlement agreement that partially resolves the dispute.
(2) An oral agreement that partially resolves the dispute is reached in accordance with Section 1118.
(c) This section does not preclude a party from ending a mediation without reaching an agreement. This section does not otherwise affect the extent to which a party may terminate a mediation.
Comment. By specifying when a mediation ends, Section 1125 provides guidance on which communications are protected by Section 1119 (mediation confidentiality).
Under subdivision (a)(1), if mediation participants reach an oral compromise and reduce it to a written settlement fully resolving their dispute, confidentiality extends until the agreement is signed by all the parties. For guidance on binding a disputant to a settlement agreement, see Williams v. Saunders, 55 Cal. App. 4th 1158, 64 Cal. Rptr. 2d 571 (1997) ("The litigants' direct participation tends to ensure that the settlement is the result of their mature reflection and deliberate assent.").
Subdivision (a)(2) applies where mediation participants fully resolve their dispute by an oral agreement that is recorded and memorialized in writing in accordance with Section 1118. The mediation is over upon completion of that procedure, and the confidentiality protections of this chapter do not apply to any later proceedings, such as attempts to further refine the content of the agreement. See Section 1124 (oral agreements reached through mediation). Subdivisions (a)(3) and (a)(4) are drawn from Rule 14 of the American Arbitration Association's Commercial Mediation Rules (as amended, Jan. 1, 1992). Subdivision (a)(5) applies where an affirmative act terminating a mediation for purposes of this chapter does not occur.
Subdivision (b) applies where mediation partially resolves a dispute, such as when the disputants resolve only some of the issues (e.g., contract, but not tort, liability) or when only some of the disputants settle.
Subdivision (c) limits the effect of Section 1125.
See Sections 1115(a) ("mediation" defined), 1115(b) ("mediator" defined).
§ 1126. Effect of end of mediation
1126. Anything said, any admission made, or any writing that is inadmissible, protected from disclosure, and confidential under this chapter before a mediation ends, shall remain inadmissible, protected from disclosure, and confidential to the same extent after the mediation ends.
Comment. Section 1126 clarifies that mediation materials are confidential not only during a mediation, but also after the mediation ends pursuant to Section 1125 (when mediation ends).
See Section 1115(a) ("mediation" defined).
1127. If a person subpoenas or otherwise seeks to compel a mediator to testify or produce a writing, as defined in Section 250, and the court or other adjudicative body determines that the testimony or writing is inadmissible under this chapter, or protected from disclosure under this chapter, the court or adjudicative body making the determination shall award reasonable attorney's fees and costs to the mediator against the person seeking the testimony or writing.
Comment. Section 1127 continues former Section 1152.5(d) without substantive change, except to clarify that either a court or another adjudicative body (e.g., an arbitrator or an administrative tribunal) may award the fees and costs. Because Section 1115 (definitions) defines "mediator" to include not only the neutral person who takes the lead in conducting a mediation, but also any neutral who assists in the mediation, fees are available regardless of the role played by the person subjected to discovery.
See Section 1115(b) ("mediator" defined).
§ 1128. Irregularity in proceedings
1128. Any reference to a mediation during any subsequent trial is an irregularity in the proceedings of the trial for the purposes of Section 657 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Any reference to a mediation during any other subsequent noncriminal proceeding is grounds for vacating or modifying the decision in that proceeding, in whole or in part, and granting a new or further hearing on all or part of the issues, if the reference materially affected the substantial rights of the party requesting relief.
Comment. Section 1128 is drawn from Code of Civil Procedure Section 1775.12. The first sentence makes it an irregularity to refer to a mediation in a subsequent civil trial; the second sentence extends that rule to other noncriminal proceedings, such as an administrative adjudication. An appropriate situation for invoking this section is where a party urges the trier of fact to draw an adverse inference from an adversary's refusal to disclose mediation communications.
See Section 1115 ("mediation" defined).
§ 1129. Informed Consent Disclosure [Added 2018 by SB 954]
1129. (a) Except in the case of a class or representative action, an attorney representing a client participating in a mediation or a mediation consultation shall, as soon as reasonably possible before the client agrees to participate in the mediation or mediation consultation, provide that client with a printed disclosure containing the confidentiality restrictions described in Section 1119 and obtain a printed acknowledgment signed by that client stating that he or she has read and understands the confidentiality restrictions.
(b) An attorney who is retained after an individual agrees to participate in the mediation or mediation consultation shall, as soon as reasonably possible after being retained, comply with the printed disclosure and acknowledgment requirements described in subdivision (a).
(c) The printed disclosure required by subdivision (a) shall:
(1) Be printed in the preferred language of the client in at least 12-point font.
(2) Be printed on a single page that is not attached to any other document provided to the client.
(3) Include the names of the attorney and the client and be signed and dated by the attorney and the client.
(d) If the requirements in subdivision (c) are met, the following disclosure shall be deemed to comply with the requirements of subdivision (a):
Mediation Disclosure Notification and Acknowledgment
To promote communication in mediation, California law generally makes mediation a confidential process. California’s mediation confidentiality laws are laid out in Sections 703.5 and 1115 to 1129, inclusive, of the Evidence Code. Those laws establish the confidentiality of mediation and limit the disclosure, admissibility, and a court’s consideration of communications, writings, and conduct in connection with a mediation. In general, those laws mean the following:
- All communications, negotiations, or settlement offers in the course of a mediation must remain confidential.
- Statements made and writings prepared in connection with a mediation are not admissible or subject to discovery or compelled disclosure in noncriminal proceedings.
- A mediator’s report, opinion, recommendation, or finding about what occurred in a mediation may not be submitted to or considered by a court or another adjudicative body.
- A mediator cannot testify in any subsequent civil proceeding about any communication or conduct occurring at, or in connection with, a mediation.
This means that all communications between you and your attorney made in preparation for a mediation, or during a mediation, are confidential and cannot be disclosed or used (except in extremely limited circumstances), even if you later decide to sue your attorney for malpractice because of something that happens during the mediation.
I, _____________ [Name of Client], understand that, unless all participants agree otherwise, no oral or written communication made during a mediation, or in preparation for a mediation, including communications between me and my attorney, can be used as evidence in any subsequent noncriminal legal action including an action against my attorney for malpractice or an ethical violation.
(e) Failure of an attorney to comply with this section is not a basis to set aside an agreement prepared in the course of, or pursuant to, a mediation.
Conforming Revisions and Repeals
Bus. & Prof. Code § 467.5 (amended). Communications during funded proceedings
SECTION 1. Section 467.5 of the Business and Professions Code is amended to read:
467.5. Notwithstanding the express application of
Section 1152.5Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1115) of Division 9 of the Evidence Code to mediations, all proceedings conducted by a program funded pursuant to this chapter, including, but not limited to, arbitrations and conciliations, are subject toSection 1152.5Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1115) of Division 9 of the Evidence Code.Comment. Section 467.5 is amended to reflect the relocation of former Evidence Code Section 1152.5 and the addition of new Evidence Code provisions governing mediation confidentiality. See Evid. Code §§ 1115-1128 (mediation).
Code Civ. Proc. § 1775.10 (amended). Evidence Code provisions applicable to statements made in mediation
SEC. 2. Section 1775.10 of the Code of Civil Procedure is amended to read:
1775.10. All statements made by the parties during the mediation shall be subject to Sections 703.5 and 1152
and 1152.5, and Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1115) of Division 9, of the Evidence Code.Comment. Section 1775.10 is amended to reflect the relocation of former Evidence Code Section 1152.5 and the addition of new Evidence Code provisions governing mediation confidentiality. See Evid. Code §§ 703.5 (testimony by a judge, arbitrator, or mediator), 1115-1128 (mediation).
[Note: Section 3 of AB 939 is the new chapter above, provided first for convenience.]
Heading of Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1150) of Division 9 of the Evidence Code (amended)
SEC. 4. The heading of Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1150) of Division 9 of the Evidence Code is amended and renumbered to read:
Chapter
23. Other Evidence Affected or Excluded by Extrinsic PoliciesComment. The chapter heading is renumbered to reflect the addition of a new Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1115) (Mediation).
Evid. Code § 1152.5 (repealed). Mediation confidentiality
SEC. 5. Section 1152.5 of the Evidence Code is repealed.
1152.5. (a) When a person consults a mediator or mediation service for the purpose of retaining the mediator or mediation service, or when persons agree to conduct and participate in a mediation for the purpose of compromising, settling, or resolving a dispute in whole or in part:
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, evidence of anything said or of any admission made in the course of a consultation for mediation services or in the course of the mediation is not admissible in evidence or subject to discovery, and disclosure of this evidence shall not be compelled, in any civil action or proceeding in which, pursuant to law, testimony can be compelled to be given.
(2) Except as otherwise provided in this section, unless the document otherwise provides, no document prepared for the purpose of, or in the course of, or pursuant to, the mediation, or copy thereof, is admissible in evidence or subject to discovery, and disclosure of such a document shall not be compelled, in any civil action or proceeding in which, pursuant to law, testimony can be compelled to be given.
(3) When a person consults a mediator or mediation service for the purpose of retaining the mediator or mediation service, or when persons agree to conduct or participate in mediation for the sole purpose of compromising, settling, or resolving a dispute, in whole or in part, all communications, negotiations, or settlement discussions by and between participants or mediators in the course of a consultation for mediation services or in the mediation shall remain confidential.
(4) All or part of a communication or document which may be otherwise privileged or confidential may be disclosed if all parties who conduct or otherwise participate in a mediation so consent.
(5) A written settlement agreement, or part thereof, is admissible to show fraud, duress, or illegality if relevant to an issue in dispute.
(6) Evidence otherwise admissible or subject to discovery outside of mediation shall not be or become inadmissible or protected from disclosure solely by reason of its introduction or use in a mediation.
(b) This section does not apply where the admissibility of the evidence is governed by Section 1818 or 3177 of the Family Code.
(c) Nothing in this section makes admissible evidence that is inadmissible under Section 1152 or any other statutory provision, including, but not limited to, the sections listed in subdivision (d). Nothing in this section limits the confidentiality provided pursuant to Section 65 of the Labor Code.
(d) If the testimony of a mediator is sought to be compelled in any action or proceeding as to anything said or any admission made in the course of a consultation for mediation services or in the course of the mediation that is inadmissible and not subject to disclosure under this section, the court shall award reasonable attorney's fees and costs to the mediator against the person or persons seeking that testimony.
(e) Paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) does not limit the effect of an agreement not to take a default in a pending civil action.Comment. The introductory clause of Section 1152.5(a) is not continued. See Section 1119 (mediation confidentiality).
Except as noted in the Comment to Section 1119, former Section 1152.5(a)(1)-(3) are continued without substantive change in Section 1119 (mediation confidentiality). Former Section 1152.5(a)(4) is superseded by Section 1122 (disclosure by agreement). See also Sections 1123 (written settlement agreements reached through mediation), 1124 (oral agreements reached through mediation). Former Section 1152.5(a)(5) is continued without substantive change in Section 1123 (written settlement agreements reached through mediation). Former Section 1152.5(a)(6) is continued without substantive change in Section 1120 (types of evidence not covered).
Former Section 1152.5(b) is continued without substantive change in Section 1117 (scope of chapter).
The first sentence of former Section 1152.5(c) is continued without substantive change in Section 1116 (effect of chapter). The second sentence of former Section 1152.5(c) is superseded. See Lab. Code § 65.
Except as noted in the Comment to Section 1127, former Section 1152.5(d) is continued without substantive change in Section 1127 (attorney's fees).
Former Section 1152.5(e) is continued without substantive change in Section 1120 (types of evidence not covered).
Evid. Code § 1152.6 (repealed). Mediator declarations or findings
SEC. 6. Section 1152.6 of the Evidence Code is repealed.
1152.6. A mediator may not file, and a court may not consider, any declaration or finding of any kind by the mediator, other than a required statement of agreement or nonagreement, unless all parties in the mediation expressly agree otherwise in writing prior to commencement of the mediation. However, this section shall not apply to mediation under Chapter 11 (commencing with Section 3160) of Part 2 of Division 8 of the Family Code.Comment. Former Section 1152.6 is continued and broadened in Section 1121 (mediator reports and communications). See Section 1121 Comment.
Gov't Code § 66032 (amended). Procedures applicable to land use mediations
SEC. 7. Section 66032 of the Government Code is amended to read:
66032. (a) Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, all time limits with respect to an action shall be tolled while the mediator conducts the mediation, pursuant to this chapter.
(b) Mediations conducted by a mediator pursuant to this chapter that involve less than a quorum of a legislative body or a state body shall not be considered meetings of a legislative body pursuant to the Ralph M. Brown Act (Chapter 9 (commencing with Section 54950) of Part 1 of Division 2 of Title 5), nor shall they be considered meetings of a state body pursuant to the Bagley-Keene Open Meeting Act (Article 9 (commencing with Section 11120) of Chapter 1 of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2).
(c) Any action taken regarding mediation conducted pursuant to this chapter shall be taken in accordance with the provisions of current law.
(d) Ninety days after the commencement of the mediation, and every 90 days thereafter, the action shall be reactivated unless the parties to the action do either of the following:
(1) Arrive at a settlement and implement it in accordance with the provisions of current law.
(2) Agree by written stipulation to extend the mediation for another 90-day period.
(e) A mediator shall not file, and a court shall not consider, any declaration or finding of any kind by the mediator, other than a required statement of agreement or nonagreement, unless all parties in the mediation expressly agree otherwise, in writing.
(f) Sections 703.5 and 1152.5 of the Evidence Code shall(e) Section 703.5 and Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1115) of Division 9 of the Evidence Code apply to any mediation conducted pursuant to this chapter.
Comment. Section 66032 is amended to reflect the relocation of former Evidence Code Section 1152.5 and the addition of new Evidence Code provisions governing mediation confidentiality. See Evid. Code §§ 703.5 (testimony by a judge, arbitrator, or mediator), 1115-1128 (mediation).
Former subdivision (e) is deleted as surplus. See new subdivision (e); Evid. Code § 1121 (mediator reports and communications).
Gov't Code § 66033 (amended). Land use mediator's report
SEC. 8. Section 66033 of the Government Code is amended to read:
66033. (a) At the end of the mediation, the mediator shall file a report with the Office of Permit Assistance, consistent with
Section 1152.5Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1115) of Division 9 of the Evidence Code, containing each of the following:(1) The title of the action.
(2) The names of the parties to the action.
(3) An estimate of the costs avoided, if any, because the parties used mediation instead of litigation to resolve their dispute.
(b) The sole purpose of the report required by this section is the collection of information needed by the office to prepare its report to the Legislature pursuant to Section 66036.
Comment. Section 66033 is amended to reflect the relocation of former Evidence Code Section 1152.5 and the addition of new Evidence Code provisions governing mediation confidentiality. See Evid. Code §§ 1115-1128 (mediation).
Ins. Code § 10089.80 (amended). Disclosures and communications in earthquake insurance mediations
SEC. 9. Section 10089.80 of the Insurance Code is amended to read:
10089.80. (a) The representatives of the insurer shall know the facts of the case and be familiar with the allegations of the complainant. The insurer or the insurer's representative shall produce at the settlement conference a copy of the policy and all documents from the claims file relevant to the degree of loss, value of the claim, and the fact or extent of damage.
The insured shall produce, to the extent available, all documents relevant to the degree of loss, value of the claim, and the fact or extent of damage.
The mediator may also order production of other documents that the mediator determines to be relevant to the issues under mediation. If a party declines to comply with that order, the mediator may appeal to the commissioner for a determination of whether the documents requested should be produced. The commissioner shall make a determination within 21 days. However, the party ordered to produce the documents shall not be required to produce while the issue is before the commissioner in this 21-day period. If the ruling is in favor of production, any insurer that is subject to an order to participate in mediation issued under subdivision (a) of Section 10089.75 shall comply with the order to produce. Insureds, and those insurers that are not subject to an order to participate in mediation, shall produce the documents or decline to participate further in the mediation after a ruling by the commissioner requiring the production of those other documents. Declination of mediation by the insurer under this section may be considered by the commissioner in exercising authority under subdivision (a) of Section 10089.75.
The mediator shall have the authority to protect from disclosure information that the mediator determines to be privileged, including, but not limited to, information protected by the attorney-client or work-product privileges, or to be otherwise confidential.
(b) The mediator shall determine prior to the mediation conference whether the insured will be represented by counsel at the mediation. The mediator shall inform the insurer whether the insured will be represented by counsel at the mediation conference. If the insured is represented by counsel at the mediation conference, the insurer's counsel may be present. If the insured is not represented by counsel at the mediation conference, then no counsel may be present.
(c)
Sections 703.5 and 1152.5Section 703.5 and Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1115) of Division 9 of the Evidence Code apply to a mediation conducted under this chapter.(d)
A mediator may not file, and a court may not consider, a declaration or finding of any kind by the mediator, other than a required statement of agreement or nonagreement, unless all parties to the mediation expressly agree otherwise in writing.
(e)The statements made by the parties, negotiations between the parties, and documents produced at the mediation are confidential. However, this confidentiality shall not restrict the access of the department to documents or other information the department seeks in order to evaluate the mediation program or to comply with reporting requirements. This subdivision does not affect the discoverability or admissibility of documents that are otherwise discoverable or admissible.Comment. Section 10089.80 is amended to reflect the relocation of former Evidence Code Section 1152.5 and the addition of new Evidence Code provisions governing mediation confidentiality. See Evid. Code §§ 703.5 (testimony by a judge, arbitrator, or mediator), 1115-1128 (mediation). Former subdivision (d) is deleted as surplus. See subdivision (c); Evid. Code § 1121 (mediator reports and communications).
Ins. Code § 10089.82 (amended). Noncompulsory participation in mediation
SEC. 10. Section 10089.82 of the Insurance Code is amended to read:
10089.82. (a) An insured may not be required to use the department's mediation process. An insurer may not be required to use the department's mediation process, except as provided in Section 10089.75.
(b) Neither the insurer nor the insured is required to accept an agreement proposed during the mediation.
(c) If the parties agree to a settlement agreement, the insured will have three business days to rescind the agreement. Notwithstanding Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1115) of Division 9 of the Evidence Code, if the insured rescinds the agreement, it may not be admitted in evidence or disclosed unless the insured and all other parties to the agreement expressly agree to its disclosure. If the agreement is not rescinded by the insured, it is binding on the insured and the insurer, and acts as a release of all specific claims for damages known at the time of the mediation presented and agreed upon in the mediation conference. If counsel for the insured is present at the mediation conference and a settlement is agreed upon that is signed by the insured's counsel, the agreement is immediately binding on the insured and may not be rescinded.
(d) This section does not affect rights under existing law for claims for damage that were undetected at the time of the settlement conference.
(e) All settlements reached as a result of department-referred mediation shall address only those issues raised for the purpose of resolution. Settlements and any accompanying releases are not effective to settle or resolve any claim not addressed by the mediator for the purpose of resolution, nor any claim that the insured may have related to the insurer's conduct in handling the claim.
Referral to mediation or the pendency of a mediation under this article is not a basis to prevent or stay the filing of civil litigation arising in whole or in part out of the same facts. Any applicable statute of limitations is tolled for the number of days beginning from the referral to mediation until the date on which the mediation is either completed or declined, or the date on which the insured fails to appear for a scheduled mediation for the second time, or, in the event that a settlement is completed, the expiration of any applicable three business day cooling off period.
Comment. Subdivision (c) of Section 10089.82 is amended to reflect the addition of new Evidence Code provisions governing mediation confidentiality. See Evid. Code §§ 1115-1128 (mediation).
Lab. Code § 65 (amended). Powers and duties of department; access to records
SEC. 11. Section 65 of the Labor Code is amended to read:
65. The department may investigate and mediate labor disputes providing any bona fide party to
suchthis type of dispute requests intervention by the department and the department may proffer its services to both parties when work stoppage is threatened and neither party requests intervention. In the interest of preventing labor disputes the department shall endeavor to promote sound union-employer relationships. The department may arbitrate or arrange for the selection of boards of arbitration on such terms as all of the bona fide parties tosuchthe dispute may agree upon.RecordsAny decision or award arising out of an arbitration conducted pursuant to this section is a public record. Section 703.5 and Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1115) of Division 9 of the Evidence Code apply to a mediation conducted by the California State Mediation and Conciliation Service, and any person conducting the mediation. All other records of the department relating to labor disputes are confidential; provided, however, that any decision or award arising out of arbitration proceedings shall be a public record.Comment. Section 65 is amended to reflect the addition of new Evidence Code provisions governing mediation confidentiality and make clear that those provisions apply to mediations conducted by the State Mediation and Conciliation Service. See Evid. Code §§ 703.5 (testimony by a judge, arbitrator, or mediator), 1115-1128 (mediation).
Welf. & Inst. Code § 350 (amended). Conduct of proceedings
SEC. 12. Section 350 of the Welfare and Institutions Code is amended to read:
350. (a) (1) The judge of the juvenile court shall control all proceedings during the hearings with a view to the expeditious and effective ascertainment of the jurisdictional facts and the ascertainment of all information relative to the present condition and future welfare of the person upon whose behalf the petition is brought. Except where there is a contested issue of fact or law, the proceedings shall be conducted in an informal nonadversary atmosphere with a view to obtaining the maximum cooperation of the minor upon whose behalf the petition is brought and all persons interested in his or her welfare with any provisions that the court may make for the disposition and care of the minor.
(2) Each juvenile court is encouraged to develop a dependency mediation program to provide a problem-solving forum for all interested persons to develop a plan in the best interests of the child, emphasizing family preservation and strengthening. The Legislature finds that mediation of these matters assists the court in resolving conflict, and helps the court to intervene in a constructive manner in those cases where court intervention is necessary. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person, except the mediator, who is required to report suspected child abuse pursuant to the Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act (Article 2.5 (commencing with Section 11164) of Chapter 2 of Title 1 of Part 4 of the Penal Code), shall be exempted from those requirements under
Section 1152.5Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1115) of Division 9 of the Evidence Code because he or she agreed to participate in a dependency mediation program established in the juvenile court.If a dependency mediation program has been established in a juvenile court, and if mediation is requested by any person who the judge or referee deems to have a direct and legitimate interest in the particular case, or on the court's own motion, the matter may be set for confidential mediation to develop a plan in the best interests of the child, utilizing resources within the family first and within the community if required.
(b) The testimony of a minor may be taken in chambers and outside the presence of the minor's parent or parents, if the minor's parent or parents are represented by counsel, the counsel is present and any of the following circumstances exist:
(1) The court determines that testimony in chambers is necessary to ensure truthful testimony.
(2) The minor is likely to be intimidated by a formal courtroom setting.
(3) The minor is afraid to testify in front of his or her parent or parents.
After testimony in chambers, the parent or parents of the minor may elect to have the court reporter read back the testimony or have the testimony summarized by counsel for the parent or parents.
The testimony of a minor also may be taken in chambers and outside the presence of the guardian or guardians of a minor under the circumstances specified in this subdivision.
(c) At any hearing in which the probation department bears the burden of proof, after the presentation of evidence on behalf of the probation department and the minor has been closed, the court, on motion of the minor, parent, or guardian, or on its own motion, shall order whatever action the law requires of it if the court, upon weighing all of the evidence then before it, finds that the burden of proof has not been met.
That action includes, but is not limited to, the dismissal of the petition and release of the minor at a jurisdictional hearing, the return of the minor at an out-of-home review held prior to the permanency planning hearing, or the termination of jurisdiction at an in-home review. If the motion is not granted, the parent or guardian may offer evidence without first having reserved that right.
Comment. Subdivision (a)(2) of Section 350 is amended to reflect the relocation of former Evidence Code Section 1152.5 and the addition of new Evidence Code provisions governing mediation confidentiality. See Evid. Code §§ 1115-1128 (mediation).
Disclaimer: Ron believes the above to be completely accurate, based on electronic communications from the Commission, but encourages you to consult official State of California websites, and makes no representations that the above is without inadvertent typographical errors. If you discover any, please promptly notify Ron at 510-843-6074. Thanks.
Evidence Code Section 703.5
No person presiding at any judicial or quasi-judicial proceeding, and no arbitrator or mediator, shall be competent to testify, in any subsequent civil proceeding, as to any statement, conduct, decision, or ruling, occurring at or in conjunction with the prior proceeding, except as to a statement or conduct that could (a) give rise to civil or criminal contempt, (b) constitute a crime, (c) be the subject of investigation by the State Bar or Commission on Judicial Performance, or (d) give rise to disqualification proceedings under paragraph (1) or (6) of subdivision (a) of Section 170.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure. However, this section does not apply to a mediator with regard to any mediation under Chapter 11 (commencing with Section 3160) of Part 2 of Division 8 of the Family Code. [emphasis added]